Curling Hair Essay Sample free essay sample

An enduring moving edge. regularly called a Perm. includes the use of synthetic substances to hinder and change the obligations of the hair. The hair is washed and wrapped on a Perm pole and enticing moisturizer is applied with a base. This arrangement makes a substance response that relax the inside development of the hair by interfering with a portion of the cross connections inside and between the protein ironss of the hair. The hair crestless waves. extends and mollifies. so shape around the type of the Perm pole. [ 1 ] In add-on. the term is every now and again and dishonestly utilized for the system of de-twisting hair ( a technique first created by Renaud Whittington ) a â€Å"perm† simply alludes to bending hair. At the point when hair is for acceptable fixed the strategy is refereed to as artificially unyielding. Present day PermsIn 1938. Arnold F. Willatt designed the virus moving edge. the antecedent to the cutting edge Perm. It utilized no machines and no warmth. The hair was wrapped on bars and a lessening salve joining ammonium thioglycolate was applied. This compound tears open the disulfide linkages between the polypeptide bonds in the ceratin ( the protein development ) in the hair. The disulfide bonds give hair its snap. what's more, can be improved with synthetic compounds. Next. an oxidization moisturizer was applied. ( hydrogen peroxide ) . to close the disulfide connects again and the hair was improved to the type of the pole. The full methodology took 6â€8 hours at room temperature. In the seventiess. corrosive Perms were designed. These utilization glyceryl monothioglycolate then again and fuse no ammonium hydroxide. They are here and there called cradled moving edges. This Perm is more slow however gentler to the hair. Warmth is regularly included by puting the customer under a drier. in the wake of covering the wrapped caput with a fictile top. The response is endothermal and the additional warmth makes the pH lift from 6. 9 to 7. 2. Molotovs today utilize this technique with sodium thioglycolate then again of ammonium thioglycolate. at a pH of 8 to 9. 5. This strategy takes just 15â€30 proceedingss until the neutralizer is applied to pass on down the pH and rebond the hair. Different kinds of present day Perms incorporate exothermal Perms. which are self planning and inner self warming ; and unoriginal. or then again low pH. thioglycolate free Perms. Advanced Perms were presented in the twenty-f irst century and in utilization especially in current Asiatic civic establishments. The method was protected and created by a Nipponese organization. Paimore Ltd. [ 8 ] Specialized considerationsThere are two sections to a Perm: the physical activity of wrapping the hair. what's more, the compound stage. Both of these can affect the outcome. Significant physical factors included are what kind of pole is utilized. how the hair is wrapped and how end reports are utilized. The two most regular sorts of poles are back to back and sunken ; each giving an alternate curl result. The covering technique is either curling or croquinole. what's more, different sorts and arrangements of terminal reports can be utilized with any mix of the abovementioned. All things considered. littler bars will deliver littler. more tight loop and increment the visual part of shortening the hair. The substance arrangement utilized in the perming methodology is dictated by the client’s hair type and the pH of the arrangement. Legitimate soluble Perms are utilized for more grounded. coarser hair. They work at room temperature and regularly contain ammonium thioglycolate in the pH extent of 9-10. Corrosive Perms are utilized on progressively sensitive or more slender hair. They require outside warmth application and regularly contain glycerol monothioglycolate in the pH extent of 6. 5-8. 2. Lasting moving edge machine concocted in 1928 by Marjorie Joyner †The primary African American grown-up female to have a patentSafety considerationsDue to the unpleasant idea of the synthetic concoctions. it is of import that contact with the covering be limited. Present day synthetic compounds are less irritating. yet, steps should in any case be brought to trim down contact with something besides hair. A poorly performed enduring moving edge will result in breakage of the disulfide bonds through compound abatement. since it neglects to fix the newly shaped bonds. This results in hair that is not, at this point versatile and adaptable. yet, brickle and sensitive. Now. in any event, brushing the hair will follow in balding. The hair shafts will see break where they leave the scalp. Since the bulb of hair has non been evacuated. however. the hair follicle is non harmed and the hair will regrow ; all things considered. the fleeting male pattern baldness might be perplexing. Home PermsA figure of exchange names of spot perpetual packs are accessible. be that as it may, their Numberss have diminished as enduring moving edges are non each piece mainstream as they were during the 1980s. The principal well known spot perpetual was the Toni exchange name. made in Forest Lake. Minnesota. The Toni organization utilized a lot of twins to expose their stocks ; one with a salon Perm and one with the spot Perm. Another exchange name that was a family name in Britain in the late sixtiess and 1970s was Twink While the word â€Å"perm† summons thoughts of wavy hair. the fact of the matter is there are a figure of Perms accessible that influence hair development in various manners. In its most essential signifier. a Perm. or on the other hand enduring moving edge. utilizes concoction to hinder down the hair’s substance bonds. which make the hair obviously legitimately. wavy. wavy. and so on. At that point. the hair is rebuilt into the pined for visual viewpoint. The hair is made out of ceratin. which at its most fundamental signifier is a protein development that highlights numerous securities to invigorate hair its and capacity to travel. While enduring salve is applied to continuous hair. using an enduring moving edge strategy. the cystine and sulfur obligations of the hair are broken. 9 Reasons to Avoid Perms and Relaxers9. Hair BreakageIf you think using no lye relaxers are less negative than those consolidating lye. accept again. There are two essential sorts of compound hair relaxers †Sodium Hydroxide ( relaxers joining lye ) and Guanidine Hydroxide ( relaxers consolidating no lye ) . The creators of these stocks need you to accept that no-lye relaxers will non harm your hair. This is simply non valid. The fact of the matter is those capturing pictures you see on the relaxer units of dark grown-up females with silky smooth hair are ordinarily people who as of now have a decent class of hair. Don’t be tricked into accepting a negligible $ 10 for a spot relaxer pack will give you a similar articulation ; it is non that straightforward. There is simply one full fitting proof strategy to dodge hair breakage from compound relaxers and that is to stay away from them. Relaxers for good adjust the characteristic pH parity and compound disengagement of your hair. This method debilitates each strand of hair. Hair breakage and scalp inconvenience are basic symptoms from release uping or perming your hair and is non an answer for hair that is harmed regardless of what you may hold heard. Let’s talk about a characteristic review for hair breakage using egg yolk and olive oil mediation. Utilizing one egg yolk and two tablespoons of olive oil to your hair while pampering and washing with a mellow cleanser is a spot review that will help with hair breakage. You can use this review one time a hebdomad and see a diminishing in hair breakage. No synthetics. no Burnss ; only positive results. 8. Hair Thining Haircutting is inventible with utilizing synthetic substances. What we accept to be bettering our hair is truly doing irreversible mischief. Numerous grown-up females think go forthing the relaxer in a little thirster. or then again ‘getting the edges’ a little straighter by smoothing it down with an OK toothed brush will give them the articulation they need. Well. in all actuality. this overprocessing is causes more mischief resulting in diminishing hair. especially around the regular hairline. You see grown-up females all the clasp with diminishing ‘edges. ’ and keeping in mind that there may other legitimate foundations for this. it is an away from of the mischief compound hair unyielding can do. A simple opening is don’t utilize a compound specialist to look to inspissate your meager hair ; look for oat flour. Two little tablespoons added to your standard conditioner will inspissate diminishing hair. Oat flour can be found at your nearby food show case shop or health supplement shop and expenses far more affordable than over the adversarial magnificence stocks. 7. Changeless Hair Loss Changeless balding is non exceptional with the utilization of concoction hair fortifications. What begins as a consume and transforms into a strikebreaker can at last plug up being an enduring bare topographic point where your hair does non go back. This is defeating. non to advert abashing as you attempt to conceal the unattractive nation. Lasting male pattern baldness can other than get down out with a nation of diminishing and as clasp goes on the hair keeps on dropping out. The likeliness of enduring balding is expanded with the utilization of hot brushes. bending chainss. what's more, hair that is pulled tight by hair rollers. On the other hand of utilizing unpleasant synthetic substances. look for a characteristic strategy to unbend your hair. As crazy at it sounds new coconut can a tiny bit at a time unbend those unusual locks without the dismay of harming your hair. You only intermix new coconut with calcium hydroxide and refrigerate. This will make a rich blend. Rub this on your scalp and screen with a hot towel for about a hr and wash with a mellow cleanser. On the off chance that you do this multiple times a hebdomad you will distinguish the cramps begin to unbend out. 6. Bunched up hair Bunched up hair is a result of dry hair. This can be brought about by a figure of things †inadequacy of lotion. rare or unnecessarily visit flushing. insufficiency of molding. or then again utilization of a Perm or relaxer. Dark hair does non take great to overconditioning. It can go forward the hair level and unfit to keep a loop. Molotovs and relaxers do non help with fresh hair ; they just add to the activity making dry toffee closes that lead to hair breakage. Level cha

Distinctively Visual Images free essay sample

The manner by which we shape our significance and impression of a book is controlled by the unmistakably visual pictures and strategies utilized by a writer to connect with us in the circumstance and therefore transport us to a specific time and spot. We will compose a custom exposition test on Unmistakably Visual Images or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Henry Lawson makes this conspicuous in the content, The Loaded Dog through making relatable, unmistakably visual pictures of mateship and diversion to assist us with understanding the requirement for interruptions to bear the brutal Australian outback. Lawson utilizes increasingly extreme pictures in The Drovers Wife to illustrate the battle to make due in the secluded Australian Bush. On the other hand, Picasso’s Guernica marches a crude picture of the ruinous tendency and fear of the Spanish common war, upgrading our present information by giving understanding into the repercussions of fighting. Using unmistakably visual, Lawson and Picasso viably draw in the crowd to ship them to the Australian shrub in the late 1800s and the Spanish common war, impacting the significance and observation made by the peruser according to each time and spot. Unmistakably visual is made by arrangers using different language gadgets so as to move the crowd into some other time and spot by permitting the peruser to drench themselves into the accounts to comprehend the genuine sentiments and feelings of the characters. In The Loaded Dog Lawson draws in the crowd by utilizing humor by comparing the sentiments of Tommy the Dog and the three hedge society despite difficulty. This is uncovered through the exemplification of Tommy â€Å"smiling his broadest, longest and reddest grin of amiability† uncovering the differentiation between the dread felt by the three men while Tommy is unconscious of the impending peril. Moreover, Lawson utilizes harsh cleverness by portraying Tommy with a wry look as though he was going to unstably drop the cartridge, an activity that was not seen as entertaining by Jim who advised Tommy to leave. This procedure has a double reason for drawing in the crowd with humor while passing on the feeling of the peril present. Consequently, the relatability of the silliness furnishes us with a more noteworthy feeling of contribution in the story, moving us into the Australian outback during this time. In The Drovers Wife, Lawson makes an unmistakably visual portrayal of the battle of the female hero and her kids to get by in the cruelty and merciless seclusion of the Australian shrubbery. The crowd is welcome to take an interest in the story from visual language procedures in which portray the characters understanding. For instance the symbolism â€Å"ragged evaporated looking kids/skinny sun earthy colored woman† passes on the hero and the youngsters as very nearly an expansion of the scene, depicting that notwithstanding their battle they won't surrender trust. Lawson utilizes similar sounding word usage to portray the Drovers wife’s house â€Å"no undergrowth, nothing to mitigate the eye/nineteen miles to the closest indication of civilisation†, this accentuation the disconnection of the drovers spouse, and her distance from the remainder of the world. Additionally, Lawson utilizes juxtaposition â€Å"thunder rolls and downpour comes in deluge/the dry season of eighteen remains him† likewise uncovers the cruel flighty Australian outback way of life, bringing up the issue: how would anyone be able to perhaps live in such an unforgiving domain? It is the utilization of visual symbolism that transports us into the cruel Australian outback of the 1800s by framing new knowledge into the characters and their encounters. On the other hand Picasso’s Guernica benefits us away from the subject Lawson passes on and transports us to the unforgiving repulsions and disaster of the Spanish common war. This is improved by Picasso’s decision of shading plan, by which makes a clear image of the composition, ‘the dark debris of death’. The unmistakable, monochromatic shading plan further vehicles the crowd to some other time and spot by giving the work of art an impression of a paper photograph, uncovering legitimacy and a feeling of unforgiving authenticity. Moreover Picasso’s utilization of dim sensational symbolism of the lady on the correct hand side with her open mouth and head tossed back with sickening dread upgrades the results of fighting while showing an aural component. This shows the impact of the elevated assault, wherein represents the torment and loathsomeness of the victims from the shelling. Picasso’s painting depicts the loathsomeness and aversion of the repercussions of the Spanish common fighting where as Lawson’s messages adequately pass on how diversion, perseverance and flexibility are huge to ones endurance in a separated, dreary Australian outback. Moreover the two arrangers adequately pass on significant messages to our humankind. Lawson’s, The Loaded Dog and The Drover’s Wife and Picasso’s Guernica uncover the manner by which arrangers can successfully utilize particularly visual to move us into some other time and spot through drawing in the crowd with language gadgets, for example, symbolism, amusingness and feeling. These methods welcome the peruser to partake in the experience of the characters and in this manner better shape translation of the significance of the writings.

A Tribute to Dr. David Zola

A Tribute to Dr. David Zola Dr. David Zola was the only man who dared to call a group of college students his family. Photo from College of Education Today is September 29, 2018, and I am at a loss for words.  Those of you who knew Dr. David Zola know that he is truly irreplaceable. Our family at the College of Education feels broken. We have lost one of our own. Dr. Zola was the first professor I met from the University of Illinois. In fact, I met him before my admission into the college. When attending a prospective student event at the College of Education, Dr. Zola greeted me with a smile, and I immediately felt at home. At that same event, I was informed that Dr. Zola taught a James Scholar course counting toward research credit; the course met on Saturday mornings. I laughed at this thought. Who would want to have class on a Saturday?! (I would later take his course four times over.) For those of you who will not get the chance to meet Dr. Zola, I am first and foremost apologetic. I can only hope that you are able to be as inspired and changed by a college professor as I was. I hope that you find a professor that sees the beauty in all of his students and pushes you to achieve more than you ever dreamed possible. And if you are lucky enough to stumble upon a professor that makes you feel comfortable in your own skin, think critically, and dream to change the world, I only urge you to tell him how extraordinary he is. As I sit here, typing my memories of Dr. Zola, my only regret is not thanking him for being my mentor. The truth is that Dr. Z lit a fire in us. We were starving for his wisdom; we were always wanting to do better and be better. I am grateful to have had the chance to learn from Dr.Zola over the past three years. I am grateful for the laughs, the love, and the endless cups of coffee. Because of his skill, experience, and grace, I will be a better teacher. But more than that, because of his genuine kindness, I am a better person. Rachel Class of 2020 I am studying Middle Grades Education with concentrations in Social Sciences and Literacy in the College of Education. Although I now reside in Champaign, I am originally from Vernon Hills, a Northwest suburb of Chicago.

The Public University Of Arkansas State University

he question of religious involvement in public education has been a controversial topic since before America was a country. Thomas Paine, one of our founding fathers, expressed, â€Å"As to religion, I hold it to be the indispensable duty of the government to protect all conscientious protesters thereof, and I know of no other business government has to do therewith,† (â€Å"20 Quotes†). While the separation of church and state was a necessity made clear by Thomas Jefferson in the first amendment of the Constitution, the question differentiating freedom of religion and freedom from religion remains intangible. The public university of Arkansas State confronted this debate in September of 2014 after the death of two of its esteemed football team associates. In January of 2014, former Arkansas State University football player Markel Owens was killed, and just six months later former equipment manager Barry Weyer was also killed. Honoring their late friends, the entire Ark ansas State University (ASU) NCAA Division I football team willingly agreed to affix cross-shaped decals to the back of their helmets, memorializing the initials of the deceased members (Starnes). Athletic director Terry Mohajir backed the team’s actions by stating, â€Å"My job is to support our players and our coaches in their expression of any type of grief, and that’s what I was doing,† (Kuruvilla). After receiving complaints from the co-presidents of the Freedom From Religion Foundation (FFRF), the university’sShow MoreRelatedIs The American Dream Creating An American Nightmare?1381 Words   |  6 PagesIs The American Dream Creating an American Nightmare? Children are told from an early age that they can become anything they want to be, and people flock in droves to the United States, â€Å"The Land of Opportunities† to achieve this American Dream. Author, James T. 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A Good Man Is Hard And Find By Flannery O Connor And The...

Literary criticism refers to the study of how literature is evaluated and interpreted. Literature is a common aspect of the life of scholars, and we need to understand and then evaluate the texts we read to get the intended message. There are a number of literary criticism theories that can be used in evaluating literature work. The different theories are applicable differently depending on the text in question. For instance, the feminist criticism theory is a theory that is used to analyze texts that have a gender imbalance as the major theme. These are theories that are guarded by feminism as the common factor. They could be evident in economics, social and political life. This paper will analyze two texts â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find† by†¦show more content†¦In helping them, The Misfit kills the whole family despite the grandmother trying to convince him that he is a good man. Applying the feminist criticism can be said that the story has an aspect of feminism. Initially, the female character is not named in the story, and the prerogative of naming is given to the male characters. Female characters are called The Grandmother, the children s mother and the woman. The only female character having name was a kid, June Star. In comparison, Even a small male character was given a specific name, such as the Misfit s follower, Hiram and Bobby Lee; and Red San, who owned The Tower Filling Station. At the beginning of the story the female characters show that women were not treated as equal to men. Throughout the story, male domination is evident. First, the father did not listen or did not take the grandmother seriously when she told the story of The Misfit and the reasons she was against a trip to Florida. He made sure that his choice dominated. It actually did since they went to Florida as he wanted. He did not respect his mother, due to the patriarchal view all ows him to see the grandmother was subservient to man. Also John Wesley did the same things as a boy, talk he likes to the grandmother since his male status lets him to not regard the grandmother as an equal. Secondly, When O Connor depicts the Grandmother s living

Religion and Its Effects on Globalization Free Essays

To be successful today, enterprises must now manage products and services, customer contact, delivery, and supply-chain management in real time; all on a networking-centric fabric with customer demand for anytime, anywhere access to information and services leading the charge. People around the world understand the importance of information technology and accept the fact that it is here to stay. This sudden expansion in the computer field created a pool of occupations that were open, yet unable to be filled by the current workforce. We will write a custom essay sample on Religion and Its Effects on Globalization or any similar topic only for you Order Now Not dealing directly with the IT worker shortage threatens not only the growth of the IT industry, but also the growth of the entire U. S. economy and our global competitiveness. U. S. will soon lack a supply of qualified core IT workers, such as computer scientists and engineers, systems analysts, and computer programmers. Since the shortage of IT workers is becoming a global problem, U. S. employers will face tough competition to hire and keep highly skilled IT employees. Introduction The world’s religions have been instrumental in shaping virtually all aspects of human experience and human perceptions. Certainly, religion played an important role in the development and the ongoing support of democratic principles. One can even go so far as to say that it was because of the determination engendered by religious faith that democracy was first founded in the modern world as religious refugees sought out a new land to worship as they believed they should. Religion has also been at the core of many of the world’s most horrific wars. Whether the jihads of the Middle East, the battles in Northern Ireland, or the ancient Crusaded, war has often been predicated on religion. In addition, there are many religious people, especially those who think of themselves as traditionalists, who are deeply skeptical about democracy. Democracy, in this view, is one of a horde of pernicious doctrines that modernity unleashed in its attack on religious truth. All that can be examined empirically is the fact that modern democracy, not that of the Athens of Socrates’ time, the democracy of the past two and a half centuries, is one that found its roots in the belief that all people have the right to believe as they will and that a nation must support that simple fact. Historically Most modern Americans have come to think of democracy as rather â€Å"old hat. † In reality, democracy is as fearlessly new today as when it was first proposed. â€Å"If it does not have to be reinvented, it certainly has to be rethought, by e very generation. Today there is a particular urgency about rethinking democracy in relation to its moral and religious grounding† (Neuhaus 87). Yet in terms of relative time in the larger course of human history, democracy is a relatively new idea and ideal. Assuming that people have a right to determine their own future, actions, faith, and government stems, in great part, from the understanding that a higher power, God, prophet, or spiritual leader has led them to understand that they are creatures who choose their path – what is often called â€Å"free agency. Judeo-Christian faith has established a foundation for Western democracy in its stories of the Bible’s Old and New Testaments of attacks by both law and prophets on the absolute power of rulers, the demands for redress for the poor and oppressed, and the exposing of self-interest in every kind of human system. The Christian revelation showed the equality of all in the sight of God and a vision of the Kingdom of God ruled by love not compulsion, strengthening the call for justice and for compassion for the weak. The Hebrew texts’ and the Bible’s emphases on opposing political and social oppression, and on the religious fellowship that bound communities were taken up strongly in Europe, Britain, and North America. The First Amendment of the U. S. Constitution’s â€Å"Religion Clause† consists of two provisions. One forbids the â€Å"establishment† of a religion, and the other guarantees the â€Å"free exercise† of religion. The â€Å"no establishment† provision is in the service of the â€Å"free exercise† provision and suggests (or demands) that religion not be created by the state in behalf of the state. Of course, individual Americans have created new religions throughout the past two hundred years. Free exercise is the end, and no establishment is one means in the service of that end. This understanding of the Religion Clause has not always prevailed in our jurisprudence. Indeed, in recent years, the courts have frequently acted as though â€Å"no establishment† is the end, and in the service of that end they have officially decreased what many think of as the free exercise of religion in the public sphere. Recent news stories regarding the judge who wants the Biblical Ten Commandments hanging in his courtroom, or the stories requiring that municipal â€Å"holiday† displays reflect a multiplicity of beliefs. Philosophically Religion and politics have always had a turbulent history together. Religion and democratic politics have even more difficulty coexisting, because the former suggests an unyielding body of law, an peremptory understanding of what is right and what is wrong, and a clear knowledge of the direction that should be followed by the government. The fundamental precept of democracy suggests a much more relativistic approach. Democracy attempts to allow for laws that can be changed, a sense that the majority should determine what is right and what is wrong (and, correspondingly, when the majority changes or evolves the determination of what is right and what is wrong will also change), and a much more flexible idea of directions that should be followed by the state (Mahler 601). There has been a great deal of concern voiced throughout the last half of the 20th century that religion is declining worldwide and secularism is advancing. As modernity spreads, secularism spreads in its wake. The high degree of religious involvement with politics in the United States is said to be the dying gasp of religious forces that are using politics in an effort to postpone their demise. Early advocates of the secularization of modern society were those responsible for forming a large core of nineteenth-century European thought. Karl Marx was sure that class struggle and the triumph of communism would become the tale of modern life, while religion would soon be a mercifully finished chapter. Max Weber believed that in modernity’s wake the mighty forces of rationalism and bureaucratization would defeat religion, if not entirely eliminate the religious. Sigmund Freud hoped that â€Å"the future of an illusion† would prove poor as people saw that the modern world gave them a chance to be free of religion and, ostensibly, free from personal tyranny, guilt, and fearfulness. Islam and Democracy It is important to look at faiths outside of the Judeo-Christian traditions in any discussion regarding the impact of religion on democracy. Islam serves as one of the best examples of the ways in which a religion has discouraged the formation of democracies and democratic political structures. The extent to which democracy and Islam are mutually exclusive has been tested empirically with implications for conflict in civilization and the prospects for democratic peace. Three measures of democracy were used in a study published in 1998: a political rights index, an index of liberal democracy, and a measure based on institutionalization (Midlarsky 485). The measure of democratic institutionalization behaves in a manner intermediate between the other two and shows that the likelihood of conflict is based on the likelihood indoctrinated negative attitudes directed at the non-Islam organization or nation. Politics in Muslim states have always been strongly influenced by religion. And yet, concern about the expansion and impact of religiously inspired politics is widespread, and the demise of communism has turned Islamism into what is perceived as the most dangerous enemy of liberal democracy However, issues such as the threats posed by an Islamic form of government on democracy and the use of religion to promote social and political justice continue to be debated throughout the world. The fact that debate takes place should speak well of the inclusion of some democratic principles as part of modern life regardless of religious belief or affiliation. An important factor to be considered is that the assumption of the moral correctness of one’s religion or the religion of an entire people has often led to the out-of-hand condemnation of other cultures, nations, and governments. That condemnation is often what then leads to religious-based battles and wars. The Modern Realm It is a common belief that religious fundamentalism–the appeal for a return to the literal reading of a holy text and its application to politics and society–is a major threat to democracy. In a democracy, people are supposed to treat each other as equals and with mutual respect. The most traditional and classic definition of the democratic life is that citizens have or should have equal public standing. However, the ancient texts of most faiths outline strong laws and constraints on individuals. In recent years there have been calls by religious leaders and politicians alike to return to such literal interpretations and definitions of right and wrong. But in a democracy, the state recognizes the integrity of the church, not simply as a voluntary association of individuals, but as a communal bearer of the witness to a higher sovereignty from which, through the consent of the governed, the legitimacy of the state itself is derived. That understanding is what allows for the multi-culturalism and diversity that is inherent in a democracy. Religion is not what has defined democracy just as democracy has certainly not defined religion. Democracy, at least in the United States, is still a spiritual concept in that the majority of Americans believe that vision of a society based on two fundamental beliefs. â€Å"The first is that all men, created equal in the eyes of God with certain unalienable rights, are free to pursue the longings of their hearts. The second belief is that the sole purpose of government is to protect those rights. The first Americans shared this deeply spiritual vision. Most Americans still do † (Reed 26). For more than 200 years, the people of the United States have pursued the vision of a â€Å"faithful† democracy, maintaining a firm foundation, and achieved greatness by honoring God and welcoming people of all faith into public life. Perhaps, such a statement can serve as an example of how religion and democracy truly interact – as mutually supportive concepts both based on fundamental perceptions of the meaning of truth in human life. That is one of the great privileges of democracy and one part of the foundation of faith. How to cite Religion and Its Effects on Globalization, Papers

Manufacturing Systems Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd

Question: Discuss about the Manufacturing Systems for Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd. Answer: Introduction As per the details given in the case study, the Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd established in 2008, design and manufacture custom made build cabinet solutions for the kitchen. Slowly the demand of the products manufactured by the company increased steadily. The owners enabled Fung and Mei Chen, thereafter expanded the operations donning various roles themselves in the company. The rising demand was realized by the company by manufacturing high quality but standardized kitchen cabinets instead of custom made for each customer individually. Though, the profit margin is higher in the custom made kitchen cabinet than that in the set standard ones, thus the owners of the company give it higher priority. The company has only one manufacturing unit in Mulgrave. This unit is equipped with machines which have flexibility to build both the standard as well as custom made kitchen cabinets. Because of tremendous increase in the demand for the company products, the manufacturing unit was facing high performance pressure. With an increase in the demand, there was more pressure on the manufacturing facility. The owners noticed that the cost related to the line of standard builders was increasing. This causes a higher capital sum to be tied up in the inventory of raw materials, work in process and the finished goods (Wang Disney, 2015). The prime goal of this report is to analyze and explore and current state of operations of Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd. The present production system used in the company by Fung and Mei Chen would be scrutinized. Also the impact of the use of new builders line of kitchen cabinet on the product operations is studied in the present essay. The financial implication of moving to production of builders line of kitchens on the balance sheet of Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd is also considered in this essay. Analysis of the current production and processes As per the details given in the case study, the Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd was founded as a small scale company with only one manufacturing facility at Mulgrave. Therefore, when there was huge growth in the market demand for the company products, it became difficult for it to manage them. It is also apparent that the company is unable to reach the equilibrium in managing the demands of standard and custom made kitchen cabinets. This is the prime reason for the higher lead times for either type of products manufactured by the company. The present production arrangement of the company is rather simple with respect to the procedures. There is only one manufacturing unit owned by the company in Mulgrave. This unit is equipped with machines which have flexibility to build both the standard as well as custom made kitchen cabinets. The layout of the production unit has different spaces with related equipment assembled together. While one section has cutting tables and saws, shapers and routers form another section. There is a separate area devoted for the lathes and machines which are used less frequently. For manufacturing standard as well as the custom made cabinets the company has common craftsman or employees. Thus in the present operation system the work scheduling is done for manufacturing standard and custom build kitchen cabinets (He, Zhang, Li, 2014). Since there is higher profit margin in the custom made kitchen cabinets, they tend to get preference in the work schedule procedure. This causes negative effect on the lead time of the cabinets made in standard format. The effect of the new builders kitchen line on Hawkesbury Cabinets operations When the company began to focus on accommodating the new builders kitchen line, actual problems began to surface in its operational processes. Though the company sales were good in the custom made kitchen cabinet segment, but after sensing the market opportunities available in the standard kitchen cabinet segment, the owners of the company started manufacturing it. One of the main problem was that the company only has one manufacturing unit that produces both standard as well as custom built cabinets. The operational line or the procedure for both the products was also the same. The products were produced on the basis of job scheduling in a particular scheduling algorithm manner. The priorities in this system is based on the achievement of higher profit margins (ElMaraghy, AlGeddawy, Samy, Espinoza, 2014). Thus the prime issue with the operations of the company is that it is unable to reach the equilibrium in managing the demands of standard and custom made kitchen cabinets. This pr oblem results in higher lead times for both standard as well as custom built cabinets (Hameri, 2011). Moreover, in this operational process arrangement, the custom cabinets tend to get higher preference as they give higher profit margins, thus affecting the profitability and lead time for the standard cabinets. The effect the move to producing builders kitchens might have on the companys financial structure The emphasis on the production of new builder line kitchen cabinets could be positive or negative on the financial structure of the company. In order to grow and expand the company this decision is a good and logical one (Thamhain, 2013). Nevertheless, the owners, Fung and Mei Chen have to focus to handle the risks and obstacles. They should also acknowledge that the only manufacturing unit of the company is already under pressure of increasing demand and working in its full capacity. Thus, further work overloading could have highly negative influence on the quality, delivery as well as cost of the products (Falck, rtengren, Hgberg, 2009). With the beginning of new product line, the short term financial impact could be negative as the company has to make investments in the initial phases. Nevertheless, in the long run, company can achieve greater profits from its new product line. The company has to develop appropriate management strategies and ensure that it takes cares of all the positive and negative influences of the expansion. Also it has to ensure that the employees are equipped with adequate skills to handle the manufacturing process of the new product line. When the supply chain and operational issues are managed effectively the builders line kitchen cabinets would prove profitable to the company in the coming future (Tompkins et al., 2002). The balance between both types of product lines would enable the company to emerge as a market leader in the Australian market. Conclusion It can be concluded that the impact of the new builders kitchen line products on the operations and finances of the Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd depends on the appropriate strategies and planning by the owners. Since the only manufacturing unit of the company is already overloaded with the work, resulting in negative influences such as higher lead time for the standard cabinets and greater operations cost (Hajmohammad, Vachon, Klassen, Gavronski, 2013). Also the balance between the job scheduling for manufacturing of standard and custom made cabinet is urgently needed by the company to handle the current operational issues. It could be suggested that considering two distinct production lines for manufacturing the standard and custom products separately. References ElMaraghy, H., AlGeddawy, T., Samy, S. N., Espinoza, V. (2014). A model for assessing the layout structural complexity of manufacturing systems. Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 33(1), 5164. Falck, A.-C., Ortengren, R., Hgberg, D. (2009). The impact of poor assembly ergonomics on product quality: A cost-benefit analysis in car manufacturing. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing Service Industries, 20(1), 2441. Hajmohammad, S., Vachon, S., Klassen, R. D., Gavronski, I. (2013). Lean management and supply management: Their role in green practices and performance. Journal of Cleaner Production, 39, 312320. Hameri, A.-P. (2011). Production flow analysisCases from manufacturing and service industry. International Journal of Production Economics, 129(2), 233241. He, N., Zhang, D. Z., Li, Q. (2014). Agent-based hierarchical production planning and scheduling in make-to-order manufacturing system. International Journal of Production Economics, 149, 117130. Thamhain, H. (2013). Managing risks in complex projects. Project Management Journal, 44(2), 2035. Tompkins, J. A., White, J. A., Bozer, Y. A., Frazelle, E. H., Tanchoco, J. M. A., Trevino, J. (2002). Facilities planning (2nd ed.). New York, NY: J. Wiley and Sons. Wang, X., Disney, S. M. (2015). The bullwhip effect: Progress, trends and directions. European Journal of Operational Research

Survival Tips For Small Businesses Essay Research Paper Example For Students

Survival Tips For Small Businesses Essay Research Paper You may be in Mail Order, Direct Mail, or you may be a local merchant with 150 employees; whichever, however or whatever youve got to know how to keep your business alive during economic recessions. Anytime the cash flow in a business, large or small, starts to tighten up, the money management of that business has to be run as a tight ship. Some of the things you can and should do include protecting yourself from expenditures made on sudden impulse. Weve all bought merchandise or services we really didnt need simply because we were in the mood, or perhaps in response to the flamboyancy of the advertising or the persuasiveness of the salesperson. Then we sort of wake up a couple of days later and find that weve committed hundreds of dollars of business funds for an item or service thats not essential to the success of our own business, when really pressing items had been waiting for those dollars. If you are incorporated, you can eliminate these impulse purchases by including in your by-laws a clause that states: All purchasing decisions over (a certain amount) are contingent upon approval by the board of directors. This will force you to consider any impulse purchases of considerable cost, and may even be a reminder in the case of smaller purchases. If your business is a partnership, you can state, when faced with a buying decision, that all purchases are contingent upon the approval of a third party. In reality, the third party can be your partner, one of your department heads, or even one of your suppliers. If your business is a sole proprietorship, you dont have much to worry about really, because as an individual you have three days to think about your purchase, and then to nullify that purchase if you think you dont really need it or cant afford it. While you may think you cannot afford it, be sure that you dont short-change yourself on professional services. This would apply especially during a time of emergency. Anytime you commit yourself and move ahead without completely investigating all the angles, and preparing yourself for all the contingencies that may arise, youre skating on thin ice. Regardless of the costs involved, it always pays off in the long run to seek out the advice of experienced professionals before embarking on a plan that could ruin you. As an example, an experienced business consultant can fill you in on the 1244 stock advantages. Getting eligibility for the 1244 stock category is a very simple process, but one with tremendous benefits to your business. The 1244 status encourages investors to put equity capital into your business because in the event of a loss, amounts up to the entire sum of the investment can be written off in the current year. Without the 1244 classification, any losses would have to be spread over several years, and this, of course, would greatly lessen the attractiveness of your companys stock. Any business owner who has not filed the 1244 corporation has in effect cut himself off from 90 percent of his prospective investors. Particularly when sales are down, you must be hard-nosed with people trying to sell you luxuries for your business. When business is booming, you undoubtedly will allow sales people to show you new models of equipment or a new line of supplies; but when your business is down, skip the entertaining frills and concentrate on the basics. Great care must be taken however, to maintain courtesy and allow these sellers to consider you a friend and call back at another time. Your companys books should reflect your way of thinking, and whoever maintains them should generate information according to your policies. Thus, you should hire an outside accountant or accounting firm to figure your return on your investment, as well as the turnover on your accounts receivable and inventory. Such an audit or survey should focus in depth on any or every item within your financial statement that merits special attention. In this way, youll probably uncover any pote ntial financial problems before they become readily apparent, and certainly before they could get out of hand. Many small .u3d9ff5e9f982ee418f68f4dcc8526d29 , .u3d9ff5e9f982ee418f68f4dcc8526d29 .postImageUrl , .u3d9ff5e9f982ee418f68f4dcc8526d29 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3d9ff5e9f982ee418f68f4dcc8526d29 , .u3d9ff5e9f982ee418f68f4dcc8526d29:hover , .u3d9ff5e9f982ee418f68f4dcc8526d29:visited , .u3d9ff5e9f982ee418f68f4dcc8526d29:active { border:0!important; } .u3d9ff5e9f982ee418f68f4dcc8526d29 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3d9ff5e9f982ee418f68f4dcc8526d29 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3d9ff5e9f982ee418f68f4dcc8526d29:active , .u3d9ff5e9f982ee418f68f4dcc8526d29:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3d9ff5e9f982ee418f68f4dcc8526d29 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3d9ff5e9f982ee418f68f4dcc8526d29 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3d9ff5e9f982ee418f68f4dcc8526d29 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3d9ff5e9f982ee418f68f4dcc8526d29 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3d9ff5e9f982ee418f68f4dcc8526d29:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3d9ff5e9f982ee418f68f4dcc8526d29 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3d9ff5e9f982ee418f68f4dcc8526d29 .u3d9ff5e9f982ee418f68f4dcc8526d29-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3d9ff5e9f982ee418f68f4dcc8526d29:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Critique of the road not taken Essay We will write a custom essay on Survival Tips For Small Businesses Research Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

Reduplicatives †Double Delight

Reduplicatives – Double Delight Reduplicatives Double Delight Reduplicatives Double Delight By Sharon Reduplicatives never travel alone. In fact, they always come in pairs and sometimes sound rather silly. These are the words formed through reduplication, when you repeat a word to form a new one, or slightly change the vowel or consonant. These are inventive and musical words and there are hundreds of them in English. Also called echo words, there are three basic types of reduplicatives. Some repeat the word exactly, some of them use rhyme for formation while the others use vowel or consonant shift to come up with the other half of the pair. Most of them are two syllable words (four, if you count both halves of the pair), though there are some with three syllables. This type of word formation seems to come naturally to us. Shakespeare was responsible for hurly-burly , which is still in use, as well as other reduplicatives that are rarely seen outside the plays. Recent additions to the genre include the chick-flick, a film geared towards women. Here are some common reduplicatives. Repeating the same word: ack-ackaye-ayebang-bangberiberibonbonboo-boobye-byecha-chachoo-choochop chopfroufrougoody goodyha-hahush hushmuumuunight-nightno-nopapapawpaw Rhyming: airy-fairyargy-bargyartsy-fartsyboo hooboogie-woogiebow-wow easy-peasyfuddy-duddyhanky-pankyheebie-jeebieshelter-skelter higgledy-piggledyhocus-pocushodge-podgehoity-toity itsy-bitsyjeepers creepersmumbo-jumbonamby-pamby nitty grittyokey-dokeysuper-duperwilly-nilly Vowel changes: chit-chatclip clopcriss-crossdilly-dallyding-dongflim-flamflip-flophip-hopknick-knackmish-mashping pongpitter-patterriff-raffriprapsee-sawshilly-shallytick tocktittle-tattle zigzag Feel free to add your own in the comments. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Useful Stock Phrases for Your Business Emails34 Writing Tips That Will Make You a Better WriterList of Prefixes and Suffixes and their Meanings

How Antibotic Resistance occurs and Prevention of Resistance Essay

How Antibotic Resistance occurs and Prevention of Resistance - Essay Example The situation is so serious that some medical experts have suggested the fact that the medical field might again fall into the dark period where there were no antibiotics (Davies & Davies 2010). Antibiotic resistance is a serious medical issue that is led to by many reasons and many drug resistance strains have of bacteria have resulted for example the strains of Neisseria gonorrhea. Antibiotic resistance has evolved owing to many underlying causes. Human activities have been a major cause. These include the utilization of antibiotics regularly for agricultural purposes and the disposing of wastes containing a high quantity of the antibiotics. Treatment plans for wastewater are also seen to have high quantities of genes and resistant bacteria. The incorrect use of antibiotics is another reason for the formation of drug resistant strains of bacteria. Genetic changes are the most common reason for the creation of resistance strains. The most common mutations are noted in the genes that code for the ÃŽ ²-lactamase enzymes. Intrinsic resistance is another process which results in resistant bacterial strains. This results as the genetic code of certain bacteria already possesses the capability of forming new resistant strains. Certain bacteria already possess the ability of preventing the functioning of antibiotics and hence this is also a cause of antibiotic resista nce (Davies & Davies 2010). Neisseria gonorrhea is a common bacterial agent which has had many genetic changes that have resulted in making many antibiotics ineffective in its treatment. Sulfonamides were considered to be the best treatment for gonorrhea but after a short period of their usage resistant strains of this bacteria came forward. Gonococcus bacteria have the capability to adapt to changes in their surrounding and undergo changes which is the reason for the

Strategy Of Oil Spill Disaster In The Gulf Of Mexico Essay

Strategy Of Oil Spill Disaster In The Gulf Of Mexico - Essay Example In the month of April, the year 2010, a platform for deepwater drilling in the Gulf, located fifty miles from the Louisiana coast capsized and sank due to an explosion. Several attempts to seal the top the well continued to be futile necessitating huge volumes of oil to spill and spread to the shores. The spills reached as far as the marshes Louisiana. The company that was behind the oil-drilling venture was the British Petroleum. The effects of this disaster are tremendous and cut across several sectors ranging from the economy to the biological sustainability. The oil spillage threatened the livelihood of more than four hundred species of wildlife. The sea animals whose lives were most threatened includes tuna, whales, and shrimps together with several species of birds. The land animals most affected by the disaster were the white-tailed deer, gray fox several amphibians like the snapping turtle and the alligator. The economic costs arising from the spillage in the Gulf were huge (The Daily Green 2010, p.1). For instance, by June 2010, the government had paid $ 62 million as compensation claims to 26,500 the residents in the Gulf of Mexico. Additionally, the insurers will likely spend up to $ 1.5 billion in compensation. Close to 12, 000 residents of Louisiana are now jobless due to oil spills in the Gulf (The Daily Green 2010, p.1). For instance, by June 2010, the government had paid $ 62 million as compensation claims to 26,500 the residents in the Gulf of Mexico. Additionally, the insurers will likely spend up to $ 1.5 billion in compensation. Close to 12, 000 residents of Louisiana are now jobless due to oil spills in the Gulf (The Daily Green 2010, p.1). This is not the initial time the British Petroleum industry has had to confront a disaster. A refinery that the company owns in the city of Texas experienced a massive explosion in 2005.

Relevance Of The Maxim Certainty Philosophy Essay

Relevance Of The Maxim Certainty Philosophy Essay The maxim: Certainty is not overruled by doubt is one of the universal maxims in Islamic law. It applies to three-quarter of fiqh. Some positions maintain that the maxim does not have significant effect on commercial transactions. The work started by discussing the legal basis of the maxim. It also discussed the detailed meaning of certainty and doubt in Islamic law and jurisprudence and the principles with which they are applied to the particulars of law. Relevant particulars of commercial matters related to it were cited as examples after analysis of the general meaning of each maxim. These examples reveal the significance of the maxim in providing basic principles for dispute resolution as well as the responsibility of proving allegations between parties to commercial transactions. It also laid out in detail the party upon whom the onus of proof lies in litigations to counter what is presumed by law. Keywords: Certainty (yaqÄ ©n), Conjecture (Zann), Doubt (shakk), Illusion (Waham), Commercial Transactions, Dispute resolutions, presumption of law, onus of proof. * Higher Sharia Court Judge, Kala Balge Sharia Court and overseeing Rann Sharia Court, Borno State Judicial Service Commission, Borno State, Nigeria. E-mail: [emailprotected] * Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Law, Department of Sharia, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria. E.-mail: [emailprotected] ** Lecturer, Faculty of Law, Department of Sharia, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria. E.-mail: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 1. INTRODUCTION: Legal maxims (Al-Qawà £id Al-Fiqhiyyah) are imperative in Islamic jurisprudence as they encapsulate perceptions and precepts that can abet to figure out the factual essence of the Islamic Law in details. Reflective of a consolidated reading of fiqh by great jurists, it is a handy tool for researchers who need to expand their grasp and understanding of content and objective of the law. More importantly, they ease to arrive at the appropriate ruling where is no direct text is available a particular matter. The word al-Qawaid is a plural qà £idah, a derivative of qaada and literally has the meanings of fixation, consistency, and being well established. Qaida on the other hand means base, and Qawaid means a foundation of a building, as Allah, the Most High says: And remember Ibrahim and Ismail raised the foundations (Qawà £id) of the House  [1]   Technically, it is a general rule applicable to all its related particulars. Sadrush SharÄ ©ah (d. 747) defined Qawà £id as general propositions  [2]  . Examples are Qaida Nahwiyyah (Rule of Grammar), Qà £idah Mantiqiyya (Rule of Logic), Qaida UsÃ…Â ©liyya (Rule of Jurisprudence), etc. Fiqhiyya (lit. of law) is the adjective of Qà £ida (maxim); a derivative of fiqh (law) which literally means understanding. Fiqh is a term that came to denote Muslim jurists detailed study of practical aspect of the Devine ordainments. Imam Shafii (d. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) defined it as the knowledge of the practical injunctions of Sharia acquired from its detailed evidences  [3]  . The two words, i.e. Al-Qawà £id al-Fiqhiyya, referred herein as Legal Maxims has several definitions which basically revolves around two positions. The often quoted definition of legal maxims is that it is a general rule which applies to all of its related particulars  [4]  . As this is an extension of the technical meaning of term Qà £ida in other discipline to the Qà £ida in law (fiqh), this definition has failed to encapsulate the concept of legal maxims and thus not reflective of its essence. Al-Hamawi (d. 1098H=1687AD) has stated that Qà £ida of legists (fuqahà £) is different from Qà £ida in other disciplines such as Grammar (Nahwu), Logic (Mantiq) and even Jurisprudence (UsÃ…Â ©lul Fiqh). In these disciplines, it is a rule applicable to all its related particulars.  [5]   From the foregoing we can say that a legal maxim is a general proposition of law that applies to most of its related particulars  [6]  . The reason for opting to this definition is that maxims do not apply to all particulars that seem related to it. The particulars that do not apply to a general principle are known as exceptions (mustathnayà £t). These exceptions often represent independent or auxiliary maxims in themselves. The exceptions do not however negate the general application of maxims, as the principles of the maxim still represent application to majority; and exceptions are but of minority in all maxims  [7]  . Another characteristic of a legal maxim worth noting is that a maxim applies to most of its related particulars, which are scattered in various themes or chapters of fiqh. But a principle that only applies on one particular theme or chapter of fiqh is referred to as a Regulator (Dà £bit). In other words, a Regulator (Dà £bit) is limited to one chapter and provides a legal principle on injunctions of a particular chapter of Fiqh. According to Al-SuyÃ…Â ©ti (d. 911H) says a maxim collects branches from different chapters while Dà £bit collects branches of the same chapter  [8]  . An example of Dà £bit is: injunction of sale of a nonexistent is same as that of risky-taking (gharar) sales (hukmu baiil madÃ…Â ©mi yatbaul gharar)  [9]  . This Dà £bit is applicable to the chapter of buying and selling. Importance of Legal Maxims (Al-Qawà £id Al-Fiqhiyyah): The great Maliki Jurist of Egypt, Imam Shihà £buddÄ ©n Al-Qarà £fi (d. 676H) described it as embodying secrets and wisdoms of Sharia  [10]  . Legal maxim brings together widely scattered branches of fiqh into a single abstract rule making it easy for jurists, researchers and students of the Islamic law. It also saves time in researching injunctions for several matters that are otherwise scattered in different chapters of books of fiqh. That is why, according Al-SuyÃ…Â ©ti, some jurists refer to fiqh as knowledge of similitudes. Legal maxims therefore make it easy to diagnose juristic injunctions, comprehend and memorise auxiliaries and particulars of the law  [11]  . The four schools of Islamic Jurisprudence are in agreement over the five of the Universal Maxims that they clasp within themselves the entire quintessence of the Islamic Shariah. They are depicted to be universal maxims for being all-inclusive and applicable to the entire range of fiqh without any specification  [12]  ; whereas the rest of the maxims are just elucidations of these five: Matters are (judged) by their intents (Al-UmÃ…Â ©ru bi-maqà £sidihà £)  [13]  ; Hardship begets facility (Al-Mashaqqatu tajlibu Al-TaisÄ ©r)  [14]  ; No harming and no counter-harming (Là £ darara wa là £ dirara)  [15]  ; Custom is Authoritative (Al-ÃÆ'datu Muhakkamah)  [16]  . Certainty is not be overruled by doubt (Al-YaqÄ ©nu la yazÃ…Â ©lu bish-shakki). Beside its general application to three-quarter of Fiqh chapters, Certainty is not overruled by Doubt provides basic guidelines for disputes resolution in contracts including commercial and financial transactions. The paper will discuss in detail the general meaning of the universal maxim Certainty is not overruled by Doubts, its importance and relevance to commercial transactions. This universal maxim is one of the earliest maxims to appear in the discipline of maxims derivation (Al-TaqÄ ©d Al-Fiqhi)  [17]  . The earliest reference to it was made by Imam ShafiÄ © (d. 204H º819C.E.) while discussing admission/ confession. He said: the basis of what I say is that I will always hold people by what is certain, drop the doubtful and use that which is most probable  [18]  . Al-Karkhi (d. 340H) too in his UsÃ…Â ©l has stated that the basis (in law) is that what was confirmed with certainty cannot be overruled by doubt and say it is one of the principles the Hanafi School was based on  [19]  . Over time, it was abridged into its current form: Certainty is not overruled by doubt (Al-YaqÄ ©nu là £ yazÃ…Â ©lu bish-Shakk)  [20]  . 2. CERTAINTY IS NOT OVERRULED BY DOUBT  [21]   (Al-YaqÄ ©nu là £ yazÃ…Â ©lu bish-Shakk) Generally, any matter confirmed to have existed with certainty remains certain until proven with evidence to be otherwise. It is not invalidated by mere doubt or supposition. The same is also said regarding a matter whose non-existence is confirmed continues in that state until also proven otherwise. This is because doubt is weaker than certainty. It will not, therefore, nullify certainty whether or not the later is positive or negative  [22]  . In other words, whenever the existence or non-existence of a matter is established through legally accepted means, a subsequent doubt over the continuance of this state will not affect the legal regard given to the confirmed certainty. Legally, certainty (yaqÄ ©n) is defined as the knowledge that a fact has either definitely occurred or not. Doubt (shakk), which is the opposite of certainty (yaqÄ ©n)  [23]  , is a vacillation over the occurrence and non-occurrence of a fact. Meaning none between the two possibilities is of higher probability. But if either has greater probability, the doubt seizes and it is thus certain (yaqÄ ©n) in the usage of legists (fuqahà £). This form of yaqÄ ©n is often interchangeably used with the term à ¡Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬Å"ann. The term à ¡Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ann which literally means conjecture is less than certainty in the language of Jurists and Logicians. To them, Certainty (YaqÄ ©n) is belief that a particular matter is so-and-so and cannot be but so-and-so in manner consistent with its reality and essence. In other words, it is the perfect knowledge free from error. Because injunctions of Sharia are applied on what evident or conspicuous (zà £hir) and not abso lute certainty, the jurists definition is not as encompassing as that of legists (Fuqahà £) which includes the most probable event  [24]  . This is because there are issues which the Sharia may have considered them as certain though they can logically be incorrect. Example is an accepted testimony by witnesses before a Court is a legal certainty for its truthfulness, but is possible that they are telling lies. Al-Qarà £fi says that necessity is the reason why conjecture (à ¡Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬Å"ann) is regarded as certain in Sharia for absolute certainty may not be achieved. Possibility of erring in such à ¡Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬Å"ann is however lesser. But the doubtful cannot be a basis for a judgement  [25]  . This is the reason why scholars of Malikiyya school of thought did not refer to this maxim in the above phrase, that is Certainty is not overruled by doubt, rather their preferred phrase is: The Norm of Sharia is that Injunctions are but based on knowledge and that which is in doubt is not considered  [26]  . 2.1 BASIS OF THE MAXIM: In the Quran, the saying of Allah, the Most High: But most of them follow nothing but Conjecture (Zann): truly Conjecture can be of no avail against truth. Verily Allah is well aware of all that they do  [27]  . One of the meanings of Zann (lit. conjecture) is illusion, i.e. where the fact thought to apply to a particular matter does not in reality apply to it. In such a situation, such conjecture will not overrule what was known for certain  [28]  . Also from Sunnah, the Hadith narrated by Abbà £d bin TamÄ ©m from his uncle from the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, in which a man complained to the Prophet, peace be upon him of feeling something (departing) his body. The Prophet, peace be upon him, told him not leave (his prayers) until he hears a sound or smells (the gas)  [29]  . The hadith means that one should not ignore the certain, which is the state purity before prayer, in favour of that which is uncertain, i.e. the feeling that something has departed his body. Therefore, such doubt will not overrule the original certainty. In another version of the Hadith related by Abu Huraira, the Prophet, peace be upon him, said: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and if one of you feels something in his belly, and doubts whether something has left his body or not, he should not leave the mosque until he hears a sound or feels a gas  [30]  . 2.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MAXIM: On the significance of the above Hadith, Al-Nawawi (d. 676H) asserts that: this Hadith is a basic source and a great principle  [31]  among the principles of fiqh. The principle is that things are judged to remain on their original forms until the certainty of the contrary is established, a subsequent doubt will thus not harm it  [32]  . Jurists have unanimously agreed on the usage of this maxim. Imam Al-Qarafi states that: this is an agreed upon maxim, the only disagreement among scholars is in some of its applications  [33]  . Ibn DaqÄ ©q al-Eid (d. 702H) also said: The Hadith is a basic principle in the usage and/or tossing of doubts; and scholars appear to be in agreement on this maxim, even though they differ in some of its applications  [34]  . 2.3 RELEVANCE TO COMMERCIAL TRANSACTION: By Commercial Transactions we are referring all Contracts in Sharia relating to the exchange of goods and services. Examples include: transactions like bay (sales contract), ijà £rah (lease), muzà £raah (farm leasing) partnership (muqà £radah), wakà £lah (agency) juala (promise of reward for a particular action), kafà £lah (surety), hawà £la (transfer of debt), rahn (mortgaging), etc. In fact, all contracts with the exception of marriage contract which is not under the scope of this paper. As we have indicated above, certainty in law refers to the most probable assumption. Example of such probable assumption is seeing a man with reasonable wealth possessing a reasonably priced car for several years; one can confidently testify that it belongs to him  [35]  . It is upon this kind of certainty that many legal injunctions apply  [36]  . Other examples of its relevance to commercial transactions include: Where there is a contract between two parties and a doubt is raised on whether or not there was dissolution of the contract. The contract is presumed to be subsisting as this is the certainty  [37]  . Also where it is confirmed that A owes B certain amount of money. But after As death, a doubt is raised on whether or not he has paid, lack of payment will be presumed as it is the certainty  [38]  which cannot be overruled by doubt. Certainty is not overruled by Doubt is supplemented with many Auxiliary Maxims (qawà £id fariyyah) and Regulators (Dawà £bit) which together elaborate its legal implication and significance. These will be classified under three categories, namely: Auxiliary Maxims giving weight to certainty, Auxiliary Maxims emphasising on overlooking of doubt and Maxims indirectly related to the Certainty is not overruled by Doubt. Related maxims to each category will be discussed in the following order: Auxiliary Maxims giving weight to certainty: The norm is that the status quo remains as it was before (Al-Aà ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ £lu Baqà £u mà £ kà £na ala mà £ kà £na); Let the Ancient rest on its age (Al-QadÄ ©mu yutraku alà £ qidamih) The norm (in Sharia) is freedom from liability (Al-Aà ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ £lu barà £at Al-Dhimmah); The norm (of Shariah) is that acquired attributes do not exist (Al-Aà ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ £lu fis-Sifà £til Aridah Al-Adam) The norm in Law is that things are faultless or fit (Al-Aà ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ £lu As-Salama) The Norm (of Sharia) regarding things is permissibility (Al-Aà ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ £lu fil Ashyà £i al-Ibà £hah) The Basis in Law Regarding Contracts is that they permissible and binding (on its parties) (Al-Aà ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ £lu fil UqÃ…Â ©di As-Sihhah wal-LuzÃ…Â ©m) The Norm of law regarding terms and conditions is validity (Al-Aà ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ £lu fish-ShurÃ…Â ©ti as-Sihhah) The basic principle is to ascribe the event to the nearest time of occurrence (Al-Aà ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ £lu Idà £fatul Hadithi ilà £ aqrabi auqà £tih) Auxiliary Maxims emphasising on overlooking of doubt: No attention shall be paid to inferences (implication) in the face of an explicit statement (Là £ ibrata lid-Dalà £lati fÄ © Muqà £balatit TasrÄ ©h) No weight is attached to Illusion (Là £ ibrata littawahhumi) No argument is admitted against supposition based upon evidence (laa hujata maal ihtimaalin naashii an daleel) The apparently erroneous supposition is not to be taken into consideration (laa Ibrata biz Zannil bayyni khatauhu) Maxims indirectly related to the Certainty is not overruled by Doubt: No statement is imputed by to a person who keeps silence, but silence is tantamount to a statement where there is a necessity for speech (Là £ yunsabu ilà £ sà £kitin qaulun, wa là £kinnas sukÃ…Â ©tu fÄ © maradil hà £jati ilà £l bayà £ni bayà £nu) The original state of words is the literal sense (Al-Aà ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ £lu fil Kalà £mi Al-HaqÄ ©qah) No room for ijtihà £d where there is a decisive text (Là £ masà £gha lilijitihà £di fÄ © mauridin nass) 3. AUXILIARY MAXIMS GIVING WEIGHT TO CERTAINTY 3.1 The norm is that the status quo remains as it was before  [39]  : (Al-Aà ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ £lu Baqà £u mà £ kà £na ala mà £ kà £na) It is a basic provision in Sharia is that the status quo remains as it was before unless it is proven to have changed. To explain further, we can say that a fact whose existence or non-existence is said to be certain in the past is regarded to be as it was and does not change, until evidence is available to change such status. Such proof is mostly based on evidence, confession, admission, and refusal to take oath  [40]  . This principle of law is referred to as Istishà £b in Islamic jurisprudence  [41]  . Considered to be one of the secondary sources of law, Istishà £b has been defined as the presumption of continuity of a matter base on its previously established state. The previously confirmed state may either be legal or rational. This maxim represents a form of Istishà £b which is: accompanying what the law has confirmed to have existed in the past into the present; such as a person who bought a piece of land will be presumed to still owe it until anything that may change that presumption is proved  [42]  . This type of Istishà £b applies in cases such as presumption of continuation ownership after execution of a contract; the liability of a person who damages anothers property remains until repayment and the existence of a liability on an indebted person where the taking up of the loan is attested to  [43]  . An example of the application of the maxim in commercial transaction is where a lender claims paying his debtor; or a buyer claims paying the price to the seller; or a lessee claims paying the lessor; but the debtor, the seller and the lessor denied any payment. The statements of the party denying will be accepted. As the norm is the continuance of what has existed, these claims will not be accepted until legally proved  [44]  . Another application is when a buyer claims that the condition of a commodity he previously saw has diminished during delivery; according to Ibn Qà £sim (d. 918H), the statement of the seller will command credibility base on this maxim. Ash-hab (d. 204H) on the other hand also states that the claim of the buyer will have legal backing because the legal norm is that the buyer is free from liability (Al-Aà ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ £lu barà £at al-Dhimmah)  [45]  . Hanafis have distinguished between the two by asserting that if much time has lapsed from the time of inspection of the commodity and the time of delivery, the statement of the buyer will be backed by the law  [46]  until the contrary is proved by the seller. 3.2 Let the Ancient rest on its age  [47]   (Al-QadÄ ©mu yutraku alà £ qidamih) Provided it does not violate the right of another, a thing that has existed since time immemorial will enjoy legal protection. The law presumes that something that has remained for a very long time has a legal precedence  [48]  . This is also regarded as Istishab as it is an accompanying of the past condition, whether it is a proof of ownership through evidence or the admission of a respondent. Such istishab can be relied upon provided it has not been lawfully changed which should be through evidence, admission or refusal to take oath  [49]  . This maxim is also closely related the norm is that the status quo remains as it was before  [50]  . Example of its application is that whenever ownership of a property is confirmed by either admission of respondent or conclusive evidence, it shall be presumed to continue in Sharia law  [51]  . Also where two persons claim the ownership of a property, and both provided evidence of their ownership with date. The presumption of the ownership will be in favour of the person who provides earliest date, because he claims to own the property during a time when the plaintiff does not challenge his ownership. This will remain until the plaintiff can prove the contrary  [52]  . 3.3 The norm (in Sharia) is freedom from liability: (Al-Aà ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ £lu barà £at Al-Dhimmah) A person is born free from anything; and being liable of anything is contrary to the original norm (asl) of law  [53]  . Literally, the word asl means root or source, and in the context of this maxim it means the most probable (al-rà £jih  [54]  ) evidence upon which the law relies and bases its rulings. This maxim applies to both fact and law. Regarding its application to fact, the general rule is that a person is certainly free from any obligation or liability and making him liable for something is both doubtful and a contradiction of the original state of man; being born free from any liability. Claims of liabilities such as debt, obligation that was the result of later cause will only be accepted if proved through means provided by the law. In the absence of any such proof, the Sharia regards a person to have no liability, thus making onus of proof upon the person who alleges a fact or claims it. The maxim is inspired by the Prophets Hadith, peace be upon him, in which he said: the onus of proof is on the claimant, and taking of an oath is incumbent upon him who denies.  [55]  The hadith provides that the party insisting to disprove the status quo and wants to establish a recently acquired attribute is the claimant and the onus of proof is upon him; while the party that clings on the original (asl) attribute is the defendant/respondent and upon him is the oath because he is denying the allegation.  [56]   This maxim is an equivalent to what is generally known as the presumption of innocence, though this principle is more general. The expression presumption of innocence implies that it relates principally to criminal procedure, whereas the non-liability maxim extends to civil litigation and to religious matters generally. The normative state, or the state of certainty for that matter, is that people are not liable, unless it is proven that they are, and until this proof is forthcoming, to attribute guilt to anyone is treated as doubtful. Certainty can, in other words, only be overruled by certainty, not by doubt  [57]  . The maxim provides practical solutions in cases of disputes or disagreements between parties to commercial transactions. Where, or instance, there is a disagreement between the owner and a borrower, a victim and an assailant, the statement of the accused will be accepted because the legal norm is that he is free from an excess liability  [58]  . Another example is where there is disagreement on the amount of loan between the lender and the indebted; the statement of the indebted will be presumed  [59]  . Also, the statement of an agent regarding damage to a property will be accepted, likewise regarding denial of infringement and negligence, with oath  [60]  . In law however, this maxim is often referred to as: The norm (of law) is non-existent (Al-Aà ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ £lu Al-Adamu). To majority of jurists, both these principles refer to the same thing, as lack of an injunction means one is not obliged to carry it out. In other words is not liable for not doing it. A second aspect of this principle also closely related to the notion of original non-existent, is original permissibility (al-ibà £ha al-asliyyah). In this concept, everything is legal ab initio, and one will not be sanctioned for either doing or omission. Jurists refer to it as permission of the reason (Al-Ibà £h al-Aqliyyah). This implies that it is a presumption of continuation of the original non-existent of injunction base on reason (aql) rather than the words of the Law-giver. This position can as well be deduced from many verses of holy Quran according to many scholars  [61]  . An example of such verses is the saying of Allah, the Most High: Those who devour usury will not stand except as stand one whom the Evil one by his touch Hath driven to madness. That is because they say: Trade is like usury, but Allah hath permitted trade and forbidden usury. Those who after receiving direction from their Lord, desist, shall be pardoned for the past  [62]  . When taking usury was prohibited, the companions of the Prophet feared the consequence of t

1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines Bill of Rights Essay

Article III enumerates the fundamental rights of the Filipino people. The Bill of Rights sets the limits to the government’s power which proves to be not absolute. Among the rights of the people are freedoms of speech, assembly, religion, and the press. An important feature here is the suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus which have three available grounds such as invasion, insurrection and rebellion. PRINCIPLES Section 1. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws. – no person shall be deprived of life or principles and dignity without due Process of law or guidelines should be fair then all the protection of each. Section 2. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be determined personally by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized. – human rights and protection to their property and themselves against the search warrant without evidence against them except to prove that when probable caus e to determine personally the judge after examination under oath or affirmation the complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be taken. Section 3. (1) The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable except upon lawful order of the court, or when public safety or order requires otherwise, as prescribed by law. – The private communications and correspondence shall be inviolable except by court or when public safety requires otherwise as prescribed by law. (2). Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding section shall be inadmissible for any purpose in any proceeding. -If there is evidence that violation of this or in the next section that is impervious to any purpose. Section 4. No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances. – no law can be passed or people can assemble and petition or said to the government for redress of grievances that can be able to abridging the freedom of speech or expression. Section 5. No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights. -There is no law to prevent an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise of its civil or political rights. Section 6. The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits prescribed by law shall not be impaired except upon lawful order of the court. Neither shall the right to travel be impaired except in the interest of national security, public safety, or public health, as may be provided by law. – The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits prescribed by law shall not be made except when disabled according to the law of the court, which may not be impaired except in the national or public man safety as maybe that has been provide by the law. Section 7. The right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be recognized. Access to official records, and to documents and papers pertaining to official acts, transactions, or decisions, as well as to government research data used as basis for policy development, shall be afforded the citizen, subject to such limitations as may be provided by law. -the human right of the information and on public concern shall be recognized, based on the records pertaining to official acts basis to government use for research documents detailed on policy development afforded by the citizen subject to such limitations as may be provided by law. Section 8. The right of the people, including those employed in the public and private sectors, to form unions, associations, or societies for purposes not contrary to law shall not be abridged. -the people including those who are employed to the private sector will form a union or associations to the built a negotiation for them that is not against the law. Section 9. Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation. -the private property shall not be used for public use without paying anything or allowed by the owner. Section 10. No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed. -There is no law that can pass impairing to the obligation of contracts. Section 11. Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate legal assistance shall not be denied to any person by reason of poverty. -any person should not be denied by reason of poverty of adequate legal assistance in court. Section 12. (1) Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the right to be informed of his right to remain silent and to have competent and independent counsel preferably of his own choice. If the person cannot afford the services of counsel, he must be provided with one. These rights cannot be waived except in writing and in the presence of counsel. -any person that is been under investigation of any offence has a right to inform his right and remain silent and have competent and independent counsel on his choice, if the person cannot afford the service of counsel he must be provided with one and this right must be raised in the court. (2) No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiate the free will shall be used against him. Secret detention places, solitary, incommunicado, or other similar forms of detention are prohibited. (3) Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or Section 17 hereof shall be inadmissible in evidence against him. (4) The law shall provide for penal and civil sanctions for violations of this section as well as compensation to the rehabilitation of victims of torture or similar practices, and their families. Section 13. All persons, except those charged with offenses punishable by reclusion perpetua when evidence of guilt is strong, shall, before convict ion, be bailable by sufficient sureties, or be released on recognizance as may be provided by law. The right to bail shall not be impaired even when the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is suspended. Excessive bail shall not be required. -all persons except those charged with offenses punishable by reclusion perpetua and when evidence is that he/she is guilty strong shall be bailable, has the right to bail. Section 14. (1) No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due process of law. (2) In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent until the contrary is proved, and shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and counsel, to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him, to have a speedy, impartial, and public trial, to meet the witnesses face to face, and to have compulsory process to secure the attendance of witnesses and the production of evidence in his behalf. However, after arraignment, trial may proceed notwithstanding the absence of the accused: Provided, that he has been duly notified and his failure to appear is unjustifiable. Section 15. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except in cases of invasion or rebellion, when the public safety requires it. Section 16. All persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of their cases before all judicial, quasi-judicial, or administrative bodies. Section 17. No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. -no person can be a witness against himself. Section 18. (1) No person shall be solely by reason of his political beliefs and aspirations. -No person only by reason of his political beliefs and aspirations. (2) No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted. -no person is excepted by the punishment of the crime by only involuntary servitude he should be duly convicted. Section 19. (1) Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment inflicted. Neither shall death penalty be imposed, unless, for compelling reasons involving heinous crimes, the Congress hereafter provides for it. Any death penalty already imposed shall be reduced to reclusion perpetua. (2) The employment of physical, psychological, or degrading punishment against any prisoner or detainee or the use of substandard or inadequate penal facilities under subhuman conditions shall be dealt with by law. Section 20. No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a poll tax -No man is a prisoner just because tax debt Section 21. No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment for the same offense. If an act is punished by a law and an ordinance, conviction or acquittal under either shall constitute a bar to another prosecution for the same act. – Nobody was twice put in jeopardy of punishment. Section 22. No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted. – No ex post facto law or bill of attainder is legislation. Searches – To make a thorough examination of; look over carefully in order to find something; explore. Seashore – The coast of the sea; the land that lies adjacent to the sea or ocean. Warrantless Arrest -Under the Rules of Court, Rule 113, Section 5, a warrantless arrest, also known as â€Å"citizen’s arrest,† is lawful under three circumstances: 1. When, in the presence of the policeman, the person to be arrested has committed, is actually committing, or is attempting to commit an offense. This is the â€Å"in flagrante delicto† rule. 2. When an offense has just been committed, and he has probable cause to believe, based on personal knowledge of facts or circumstances, that the person to be arrested has committed it. This is the â€Å"hot pursuit† arrest rule. 3. When the person to be arrested is a prisoner who has escaped from a penal establishment. In flagrante delicto warrantless arrest should comply with the element of immediacy between the time of the offense and the time of the arrest. For example, in one case the Supreme Court held that when the warrantless arrest was made three months after the crime was committed, the arrest was unconstitutional and illegal. Warrantless Searches -Our law on search and seizure has essentially been de,-eloped and refined from the injunction in our Constitution that† [t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable ~earc es and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall not be violated.†]’ The injunction, however is qualified in terms: what is proscribed are only unreasonable searches and seizures. The Constitutional prohibition therefore readily translates itself into a â€Å"reasonableness† test. search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be determined by the judge, or such other responsible officer as may be authorized by law, after examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.† Definition of bail- the temporary release of an accused person awaiting trial, sometimes on condition that a sum of money is lodged to guarantee their appearance in court: (he has been released on bail money paid by or for someone in order to secure their release on bail:they feared the financier would be tempted to forfeit the  £10 million bail and flee) Philippine Writ of Amparo Definition and nature: The writ of amparo is a remedy available to any person whose right to life, liberty, and security has been violated or is threatened with violation by an unlawful act or omission of a public official or employee, or of a private individual or entity. The writ covers extralegal killings and enforced disappearances or threats thereof.(Sec. 1, Rule on the Writ of Amparo, A.M. No. 07-9-12-SC, 25 September 2007), The word â€Å"Amparo† is a Spanish term which means â€Å"protection†. Writ of Habeas Corpus – is a writ (legal action) which requires a person under arrest to be brought before a judge or into court.[1][2] This ensures that a prisoner can be released from unlawful detention—that is, detention lacking sufficient cause or evidence. The remedy can be sought by the prisoner or by another person coming to the prisoner’s aid. This right originated in the English legal system, and is now available in many nations. It has historically been an important legal instrument safeguarding individual freedom against arbitrary state action. Double jeopardy -is a procedural defence that forbids a defendant from being tried again on the same (or similar) charges following a legitimate acquittal or conviction. In common law countries, a defendant may enter a peremptory plea of autrefois acquit or autrefois convict (autrefois means â€Å"previously† in French), meaning the defendant has been acquitted or convicted of the same offence. Self-incrimination -is the act of accusing oneself of a crime for which a person can then be prosecuted. Self-incrimination can occur either directly or indirectly: directly, by means of interrogation where information of a self-incriminatory nature is disclosed; indirectly, when information of a self-incriminatory nature is disclosed voluntarily without pressure from another person.